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Women's presence at top managerial positions is less than men across the world and Pakistan is also no exception. Pakistan is a conservative and male dominated society where working women face a lot of obstacles while making advancement in their careers. However, due to the increase in literacy rate and greater efforts from government, civil societies, and media, working women and women at managerial positions are becoming more acceptable by the society. Keeping in view this changing scenario, the objective of the current study is to understand the working women's experiences, barriers, and related issues while making advancement towards managerial level positions. The study is qualitative in nature and used phenomenology as a main mode of inquiry. Sample of the study was drawn from banking, education, and telecom sector in Pakistan. Data was collected from thirty female managers working at various levels among the three mentioned sectors. Key findings of the study are that Pakistani female managers face familial, organizational, and cultural barriers. The study also identified that there is greater acceptance of female managers as compared to the past. Moreover, Pakistani female managers also possess some unique leadership characteristics which are not very common among male managers.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Executive Summary -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Case Studies -- References -- 2 Conceptual Framework -- References -- 3 Methods and Material -- 3.1 Proposed Framework -- 3.2 Tool 1: Needs Assessment of Practical and Strategic (Gender-Integration) at Workplaces -- 3.3 Tool 2: Gender and Migration Analysis of National Legislation -- 3.4 Tool 3: Women Migrant's Subjective Experiences -- 3.5 Tool 4: Expert's Perspective -- 3.6 Tool 5: Gender- and Integration-Analysis Outcome -- References -- 4 Theme-I: Occupational Segregation-Gender- and Integration-Sensitivity of Legislation -- 4.1 Discourage Lower-Paid Jobs for Women Migrants -- 4.2 Increase Women's Representation in Under-Represented Sectors -- 4.3 Identical Promotion Criteria to Ensure Equal Chances of Upward Mobility at Workplaces -- 4.4 Equal Participation of Women and Men in Decision-Making Forums at Workplaces -- 4.5 Ranking Reviewed Legislation for Their Gender- and Integration-Responsiveness to Discourage Sex- and Ethnic-Segregation at Workplaces -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Theme-II: Wage Inequalities-Gender- and Integration-Sensitivity of Legislation -- 5.1 Equality in Minimum Wages -- 5.2 Financial Increments Based on Gender- and Ethnicity-Sensitive Criteria -- 5.3 Gender- and Integration-Sensitive Overtime Regulations and Financial Incentives -- 5.4 Equal Pay for Equal Work or Work of Equal Value -- 5.5 Ranking Reviewed Legislation for Their Gender- and Integration-Responsiveness to Narrow Wage Gaps at Workplaces -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Theme-III: Reconciliation of Professional Work with Family Responsibilities-Gender- and Integration-Sensitivity of Legislation -- 6.1 Decent and Gender-Integration Sensitive Working Hours -- 6.2 Short- or Long-Term Leaves to Reconcile Professional and Caregiving Responsibilities.

Violence and terrorism that occurred in various countries both in the West and in the East, especially Indonesia is widely clai- med as a form of resistance to the West. Unfortunately this action is mostly done by a number of Muslims and understand the act as a manifestation of jihad. These acts of violence often appear sporadi- cally that casualties are not only the target of action, but sometimes civilians and Muslims, not only in political, economic and thought but also in the fundamental aspect of the crisis of self-understanding. This can be seen from the concept of jihad sometimes understood as the concept of war (qital) solely against the disbelievers. Whereas the meaning of war is only one of the special meanings of jihad that is used in a limited way beyond the universal meanings that are uni- versal. From the search for qital and elaboration verses of relevant studies it is known that war in the Qur'an is a form of defensive effort to defe- nd and defend against aggression, eliminate slander and freedom of religion and to free the oppressed people of the persecution. Despite limited availability, war is a test of faith as jihad in general which must always be in the corridor fi sabilillah.

Pope Francis' dialogue activities with the Muslim world have been welcomed by the majority of Muslims and covered extensively in media. His visits to Muslim countries, meeting with the heads of state and official religious authorities, and his encouraging Catholics for dialogue activities can contribute to world peace. This article will first elaborate on how the terms "Ahl al-Kitab" and "Ummah Muqtasidah" (Moderate Nation) are interpreted by Quranic exegetes. These two terms of the Qur'an are the key for the theology of Islam regarding dialogue. Secondly, the article will focus on Nostra Aetate which is considered one of the most critical turning points in the history of Catholic-Muslim relations. This study has two arguments. The first is that the statements of Pope Francis about the practice of dialogue can contribute to world peace if applied both within institutions and at the grassroots. The second is that if Pope Francis' dialogue activities involve only religious leaders officially appointed by governments in the Muslim world and exclude independent religious leaders, the impact will be significantly lessened. This paper also proposes that for fruitful dialogue activities, both Catholics and Muslims should focus on moral qualities rather than theological differences.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate the contingency effect of natural resource abundance on the foreign direct investment (FDI)–growth relationship in a nonlinear (threshold) model.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the fixed effect threshold model for panel data with annual frequency for 83 countries and estimate threshold level of natural resource abundance that split the sample and change the FDI–growth relationship.FindingsThe results show that FDI has a strong positive impact on the economic growth of the host country if the host country's natural resources export is below the statistically significant estimated threshold. However, this FDI-induced economic growth is watered-down if the countries natural resources export is larger than the estimated threshold.Originality/valueThe results show that FDI has a strong positive impact on the economic growth of the host country if the host country's natural resources export is below the statistically significant estimated threshold. However, this FDI-induced economic growth is watered-down if the countries natural resources export is larger than the estimated threshold. The results are robust for alternative indicators of natural resources, i.e. natural resources rents.

This study aims to determine the role of local governments in the development of forest tourism rammang rammang stone- Maros and determine the government's efforts in the development of tourism rammang-rammang stone forests Maros, using role government indicator as a facilitator, regulator and mediator. This research is qualitative research type phenomenology. Data were collected using such instruments; Observation, interviews and document searches. The results of this study indicate that in general the role of government in the development of tourism rammang rammang- stone forest in Maros is not maximized. As a facilitator, the government has not been much to facilitate the activities of local communities. As a mediator, local governments lack the desire and complaints from people in the area related to the improvement of facilities and infrastructure. As a regulator, the local government has not communicating about the rules of preservation of these attractions. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran pemerintah daerah dalam pengembangan obyek wisata Hutan Batu Rammang-rammang Kabupaten Maros dan mengetahui upaya pemerintah dalam pengembangan obyek wisata hutan batu rammang- rammang Kabupaten Maros dengan menggunakan indicator pemerintah sebagai fasilitator, regulator dan mediator. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan tipe penelitian fenomenologi. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa; Observasi, wawancara dan penelusuran dokumen. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum peran pemerintah dalam pengembangan obyek wisata hutan batu rammang- rammang di Kabupaten Maros belum maksimal. Sebagai fasilitator, pemerintah belum banyak memfasilitasi aktifitas masyarakat setempat. Sebagai mediator, pemerintah daerah kurang keinginan dan keluhan dari masyarakat di daerah tersebut terkait peningkatan sarana dan prasarana. Sebagai regulator, pemerintah daerah juga kurang berkomunikasi mengenai aturan pelestarian obyek wisata tersebut.

PurposeThis paper investigates the factors crucial for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in establishing business relationships with banks in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate how SMEs select banking relationships using criteria, such as decision factors, decision-makers, and decision processes, a comprehensive literature review was used to classify SMEs' decision factors for bank selection. A survey questionnaire was distributed to 200 SMEs, randomly selected from the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority database in Pakistan. Probit/Tobit model is estimated to explain the behavior of SMEs.FindingsThe results reveal that SMEs consider a bank's Reputation, Price, and Location essential while establishing bank relationships. SMEs tend to terminate relationships with banks when the Price and Location of the bank are considered essential factors in the relationship with the banks. Price and Location are necessary for SMEs to reduce banking relationships. The SMEs also tend to reduce if they get attractive offers, or the SMEs are recommended to make a banking relationship. This study also provides intuitions for bank policymakers to design policies to retain SME customers and attract new business relationships.Practical implicationsThe research emphasizes the importance of competitive and transparent pricing strategies in designing products for SMEs. Banks must prioritize their Reputation and credibility to attract and retain relationships with SMEs.Originality/valueThe study attempts to provide evidence on the SME-Bank relationship focusing on the factors that are crucial for SMEs to decide while establishing business relationships with banks. Also, most of the related literature focuses on developed countries; this research adds to the literature on SMEs' behavior, particularly in a developing country's context.

AbstractThe current study examines the inclusion of 'gender' in the policies/legislation relating to the human development of women migrants (from Asian and African origins) and their impact on six determinants of migrant's gender ideology in two different European gender regimes: Germany and Sweden. The study is conducted in four stages: (1) thematic analysis of different conventions and recommendations of the UN, ILO, and EU, (2) latent analysis of selected policies/legislation, (3) survey of women migrants, and (4) expert interviews. Exposure to relatively egalitarian gender regimes through migration has brought positive changes in all determinants of the gender ideology of migrants, except domestic chores and caregiving responsibilities. Inclusion of a missing 'gender' perspective in relevant measures can expedite smooth integration of migrants, but lack of political commitment, scarcity of financial resources, the absence of gender experts, and lack of coordination between line ministries/agencies are salient barriers to its 'inclusion' in both countries.

Frequent use of social media has increased the access of youth to certain online platforms for expression, exchange, agreement, disagreement, and learning. Consulting key proposition of Dahl's (1989) theory of 'Democratic Processes', the current study aims at observing to what extent the use of social media (Facebook and Twitter) improves the university students' political expression that leads towards improvement in their political awareness in Pakistan. A survey research method is used for data collection from different universities in four provinces of Pakistan. The results of multiple regression analysis reveal that an increase in the use of Facebook and Twitter not only improves the political expression of students but also enhances their political awareness. Nevertheless, gender, discipline and province-based variations prevail. Keywords: Social Media, Facebook Use, Twitter Use, Political Expression, Political Awareness.

Advances in technology can not only provide good benefits but can also have a negative impact, among is the hoax news. The government has been working to overcome this, including socializing digital literacy to the public. This is also in line with Islamic religious teachings that put forward the concept of Islamic communication principles in the interaction of daily life including in communicating digitally so that the motto of Islam that is rahmatan lil' alamin can be achieved. From the concept, researchers are interested in knowing how to implement Islamic communication principles in the digital era. This research is field research with qualitative descriptive approach methods. The object of the research is students who have earned the teaching of Islamic Communication courses. The result of this study is that informants have tried to apply the principles of Islamic Communication, but it has not been able to be applied optimally, due to various obstacles both from internal and external self-informants. Therefore, in addition to knowledge in the form of Islamic communication concepts taught, there also needs to be habituation in the form of in-depth, serious, and continuous training. So that the principles of Islamic Communication are embedded and become self-character.

This article is based on the assumption that despite competing for territorial claims and different military stands off, the competing states have shown considerable restraint and hedging behaviors against each other's to not make the politics of the South China Sea on a point of no return. This assumption is correct in a way that on economic forums like ASEAN, they have shown their consensus to resolve their disputes peacefully. But it seems wrong on the pretext that then why this economic interdependence has not provided the space to resolve their perennial territorial disputes in the South China Sea. To find out which assumption seems true, this article is based on the theoretical framework of the Strategic Hedging perspective. This study tries to find the answer to the research question of despite close economic interdependence and military stands offs, why regional states have failed to resolve the SCS dispute? China, the regional hegemon, claims the SCS region as its core interest and provides the basis for its claims based on historical usage and part of the ancient Chinese dynasties. Vietnam has also shown inflexibility in its claim in the region overlapping with China and other competing states. Honai has also invoked international law to stop the Chinese territorial assertiveness in the region. The Philippines, one of the three important claimants of the SCS, has also tried to take help of the international court of arbitration and the support of global hegemon the US to extend its sovereignty in the disputed islands of the SCS. This article concludes with the findings that Vietnam and the Philippines are using constrain cum hedging to save their national interests from Beijing.

It is presumed that access to higher education helps improve the chances of women to participate in the labor market after graduating from Pakistani universities. However, it is not a linear process because several other factors mediate this relationship. One of the other factors is improved 'employability' of graduates. To improve the 'employability' of students, the government has introduced several reforms in the Higher Education sector since 2002. Particularly, the annual examination system has gradually been converted to a semester system. The new system offers several opportunities to students to improve their 'employability' during their studies. Although several factors determine 'employability' of university graduates, the current study predicts 'employability' of women graduates through eight predictors using logistic regression analysis. Quantitative data is collected through a structured questionnaire. Findings reveal that an improved higher education level (e.g. double degrees, research degrees, PhD), the study of subjects from the disciplines of 'science & technology', and outstanding academic grades can increase women's chances to enter the labor market if a gender-sensitive legal framework also regulates the labor market. Keywords: educational patterns, employability, women graduates, universities, labor market